Denise Levertov
Robin Blaser
Allen Ginsberg
Gregory Corso
· This movement emphasized rejecting the forms of the past within literature and art. It supported rebellion and anarchy along with artistic innovation and experimentation.
Filippo Tommaso Marinetti began the futurist movement with his manifesto.· Futurism was popular throughout Italy and Russia between 1909 – ?, the headquarters are located in Milan, Italy.
· Filippo Tommaso Marinetti wrote his manifesto, which began the futurist movement in Italy.
· The manifesto that outlines Futurism is called “Fondazione e manifesto del Futurismo” (The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism).
· Futurism was established as an anti-conformist movement within the arts, and supported new developments in science and technology. WWI was a large contributor to the close relation between Russia and Italy, in regards to Futurism.
· Marinetti created this movement to create a style of art to emphasize speed, power, innovation and change.
· In futurist poetry, it is typical to see different forms and sizes of typography as well as untraditional ordering of language and words that can evoke intense emotions.
· In The Joy of Mechanical Force by F.T. Marinetti, the speaker creates imagery of machinery while using very sophisticated and elegant words. I notice that this poem makes a lot of references to industrialization. The speaker also describes things in great detail and makes many exclamations (possibly to evoke emotion in the reader?).
· http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HY8kVa0qB9Q …..this is a reading of F.T. Marinetti’s Manifesto.
Late 19th Century - Today
Originating in France, the significance of this movement’s name is due to the use of “emblems” to represent elements of reality in a more abstract and creative fashion, giving those words or elements a more supernatural significance.
Founding Poets: Charles Baudelaire, Stéphane Mallarmé, Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud, and Paul Valéry are considered the founders of this movement. It is said that the works of Edgar Allen Poe influenced the Symbolists.
Left: Baudelaire; Right: Mallarmé
Symbolism started in France in the late 19th century as a reaction to Naturalism, which was a movement that humbled aspects of reality rather than romanticized them.
The Symbolist Manifesto states that art is meant to represent absolute truths that can only be stated in an indirect manner. Symbolist poets wanted to bring more freedom to their writing through this movement, as opposed to being confined to direct representation.
Obviously, one would find an abundance of symbolic elements within a piece from this school. Free-verse is fairly common with this movement, as well as romantic and fantastical elements.
Calm by Charles Baudelaire
Have patience, O my sorrow, and be still.
You asked for night: it falls: it is here.
A shadowy atmosphere enshrouds the hill,
to some men bringing peace, to others care.
While the vile human multitude
goes to earn remorse, in servile pleasure’s play,
under the lash of joy, the torturer, who
is pitiless, Sadness, come, far away:
Give me your hand. See, where the lost years
lean from the balcony in their outdated gear,
where regret, smiling, surges from the watery deeps.
Underneath some archway, the dying light
sleeps, and, like a long shroud trailing from the East,
listen, dear one, listen to the soft onset of night.
This has a romantic tone to it. Many elements are represented in a way that almost embellishes their significance, as if one were reading a passage from a fantasy novel of some sort. Elements like “The shadowy atmosphere” are most certainly symbolic and represent something far greater than what they literally mean.
http://writing.upenn.edu/pennsound/x/Sherry.html